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Disintegration effect3/21/2023 Masri, “ Combined effervescent and airblast atomization of a liquid jet,” Exp. Lin, “ Influence of atomizer exit area ratio on the breakup morphology of coaxial air and round water jets,” AIChE J. Part I: Dense core zone,” Atomization Sprays 17, 381– 407 (2007). Lacas, “ Experimental study of coaxial atomizers scaling. Reitz, “ Regimes of jet breakup and breakup mechanisms-Physical aspects,” in Recent Advances in Spray Combustion: Spray Atomization and Drop Burning Phenomena ( Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics, AIAA, 1996), Vol. Farag, “ Experimental study of diesel fuel atomization performance of air blast atomizer,” Exp. Whitelaw, “ Mass flux, mass fraction and concentration of liquid fuel in a swirl-stabilized flame,” Int. Sahu, “ Optical visualization and measurement of liquid jet core in a coaxial atomizer with annular swirling air,” J. Moureau, “ Numerical study of a flapping liquid sheet sheared by a high-speed stream,” Int. Sahu, “ Large scale instabilities in coaxial air-water jets with annular air swirl,” Phys. Corre, “ Numerical analysis of the flapping mechanism for a two-phase coaxial jet,” Int. Matas, “ Flapping instability of a liquid jet,” Phys. Sahu, “ Liquid jet breakup unsteadiness in a coaxial air-blast atomizer,” Int. Cartellier, “ Flapping instability of a liquid jet,” C. Hopfinger, “ Initial breakup of a small-diameter liquid jet by a high-speed gas stream,” J. Clanet, “ Life of a flapping liquid sheet,” J. Dumouchel, “ On the experimental investigation on primary atomization of liquid streams,” Exp. Villermaux, “ Mixing and spray formation in coaxial jets,” J. Hopfinger, “ Break-up and atomization of a round water jet by a high-speed annular air jet,” J. Farago, “ Coaxial atomizer liquid intact lengths,” Phys. Chigier, “ Morphological classification of disintegration of round liquid jets in a coaxial air stream,” Atomization Sprays 2, 137– 153 (1992). Hopfinger, “ Liquid jet instability and atomization in a coaxial gas stream,” Annu. Lefebvre, Atomization and Sprays ( Hemisphere Publishing Corp., New York, 1989). The results suggest that even far downstream of the injector exit, some memory of the upstream unsteady jet breakup process is retained, which strongly influences spatio-temporal evolution of droplet characteristics, thereby contributing to local spray fluctuations. Proper orthogonal decomposition analysis of the shadowgraph images for different axial locations identified similar topology of the dominant mode that corresponds to flapping instability. Also, for such conditions, larger temporal variation of the droplet size is realized, and this leads to higher fluctuations of the local liquid mass flux. It was found that for lower range of gas-to-liquid momentum flux ratio ( M < 4), both f s h e d and f VMD are larger than the frequency of KH instability. The corresponding frequency ( f VMD) was obtained. The power spectrum of time series data of instantaneous volume mean diameter ( VMD) measured at z = 30 D l indicated periodic variation of the droplet size. Downstream of the liquid jet core region, the liquid shedding rate ( f s h e d ) was measured at z = 8 D l. The primary jet breakup unsteadiness close to the injector exit was characterized by measuring both shear-driven Kelvin–Helmholtz (KH) instability and flapping instability in addition to jet breakup length fluctuations. Time-resolved high-speed shadowgraphic imaging of the spray was obtained for different axial locations downstream of the injector exit at z = 0, 8 D l, and 30 D l, where D l is the central liquid tube diameter. This paper intends to investigate the influence of unsteadiness in the liquid jet disintegration process on downstream fluctuations of spray characteristics in a coaxial twin-fluid injector.
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